The territory of modern Uzbekistan has a rich history, with evidence of Neanderthal habitation during the Paleolithic period in places like Obi-Raxmat and Teshik-tosh. The historical narrative of the Uzbek people is closely intertwined with other Turkic communities in Central Asia, both within and beyond present-day Uzbekistan.

The emergence of the first states in this region dates back to the 7th-8th centuries BC, giving rise to entities such as Khorezm, Sogdiana, and Bactria. Among the oldest cities are Samarkand (742 BC), Shakhrisabz (7th century BC), Khiva (6th century BC), Karshi and Termez (5th century BC), Bukhara (4th century BC), and Tashkent and Margilan (2nd century BC).

In 329-237 BC, Alexander the Great's conquest of Sogdiana and Bactria, marked by his marriage to Roxane, led to prolonged military presence due to local resistance. From the 4th century AD, ancient Khorezm flourished under the Afrigids dynasty until 995 AD.

During the 6th-7th centuries, parts of modern Uzbekistan were part of Sogdiana and Bactria, later influenced by the Turkic Kaganate and Sassanian Empire. After Arab conquests, it became part of the Arab Caliphate. The Samanids state, from the 9th century, marked a period of scientific, cultural, and poetic flourishing.

In the 12th-13th centuries, Khorezmshah's state incorporated the region, but it fell to Genghis Khan's Mongols in 1219-1221. In the 14th century, Tamerlane (Amir Timur) significantly expanded his state's territory, fostering cultural and scientific development.

In 1499, Sheybani Khan established the Uzbek Bukhara khanate, later dividing into the Khiva and Bukhara khanates. The Kokand Khanate existed from 1709 to 1876, formed by the Ming tribe.

The Russian Empire's territorial expansion led to the coexistence of three entities: the Bukhara Emirate, Kokand Khanate, and Khiva Khanate. The Kokand Khanate fell to Russia in 1876, and the Uzbek territories were reorganized into the Fergana region.

In the 14th century, Tamerlane (Amir Timur) (1336–1405) was reigning. In his military campaigns, Tamerlane significantly expanded the territory of his state and conquered many adjacent territories including Persia, Asia Minor, North India, Transcaucasia, East Desht-i-Kipchak and others. The capital of the state of Tamerlane was Samarkand. In the Timurid era, the development of science and culture in the region occurred.

Amir Timur (1336 – 1405)

In 1499, the forces of Sheybani Khan entered into Desht-i-Kipchak. Sheybani Khan was the Uzbek Khan, the founder of the Bukhara Khanate. The son of Sultan Shahbudag, the grandson of the ruler and founder of the state of the nomadic Uzbeks Abulhayir Khan (1428-1468). Chingizid, a descendant of Khan Shiban, the third son of Juchi. The Sheibanids conquered the capital of the Timurid Samarkand in 1500-1501, which accelerated the fall of the Timurid state and created their own Uzbek Bukhara khanate, also known as the Sheibanid state.

The state of the Sheibanids was devided eventually into two: the Khiva khanate and the Bukhara khanate. In Khorezm, relatives of the Sheibanids of Arabshakhids ascended to the throne, who descended from Arab Shah Ibn Pilad, a descendant of Shiban in the 9th generation. In the Bukhara Khanate of the ruling dynasties, the Sheibanids (1500–1601) remained, later giving power to the Ashtarkhanids (1601–1756). After the Ashtarkhanids, the last dynasty of the Uzbek tribe, Mangytov (1756–1920), ascended Bukhara, which by then became an emirate until its abolition in 1920.

The power in the Khiva Khanate passed from Arabshakhids to Kazakh Chingizids in the early 18th century, and from 1770 to 1920, the power moved to a dynasty of the Uzbek tribe of Kungrats, who ruled until the end of the Khanate.

From 1709 to 1876, the Kokand Khanate also existed on the territory of modern Uzbekistan, formed by the natives of the Uzbek tribe Ming.

When the territorial expansion of the Russian Empire began, there were three state formations on the territory of modern Uzbekistan: the Bukhara Emirate, the Kokand Khanate and the Khiva Khanate. In 1876, the Kokand Khanate was defeated by the Russian Empire, the Khanate was abolished, and the central territories of the Khanate were changed into the Fergana region

In the early 20th century, Central Asia became part of the Russian Empire, and amid resistance, it eventually became part of the Soviet Union. The Uzbek SSR was formed in 1924, initially having Samarkand as its capital, later moved to Tashkent in 1930.

Under Soviet rule, collectivization and dispossession affected the peasant population, leading to resistance. Uzbekistan transformed into an industrial-agrarian republic, contributing significantly to the Soviet Union's cotton production.

The peasant population of the Uzbek SSR was subjected to collectivization and dispossession of the kulaks as well as of the other republics of the USSR. More than 3.5 thousand kulak families were evicted from the republic mainly in the Ukrainian SSR in 1931. The population resisted in the republic. There were 105 armed anti-kolkhoz demonstrations.

Being a part of the USSR, Uzbekistan turned into an industrial-agrarian republic from a backward colonial region, with a developed light and food industry and heavy industry grew tenfold. The largest thermal power plants (Tashkent, from 1971, Syrdarya, from 1975, Navoi, Angren hydropower stations) and hydroelectric power stations (Charvak, from 1972) were built, gas fields (Gazli field, from 1961) and oil fields, and many other fields began to develop along with branches of mechanical engineering (electrical, radioelectronic, instrument-making, chemical, aviation, etc.). New large areas of cotton growing created, Uzbekistan became a powerful cotton base of the USSR.

In 1991, following the collapse of the USSR, Uzbekistan declared independence on August 31. A referendum later confirmed overwhelming support for independence. Independence Day is celebrated on September 1, and the Constitution of Uzbekistan was adopted on December 8, 1992.

Finally, The Constitution of Uzbekistan was adopted on December 8, 1992.